Characteristics of the included studies (pediatric group: 2-12 years)
| No. | Study | No. of cases | Age (yr) | Sex (M/F) | Study type | Etiology | Jaw site | Dental trauma | Immediate dental management | Radiographs | Injury to splinting time (hr) | Type of splint | Type of anesthesia | Duration of splinting (wk) | Late dental management (since trauma) | Unfavorable outcome | Follow-up duration (mo) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Khan et al.16 (2020) | 1 | 9 | M | CR | Fall (first floor) | Upper anterior | Intrusion (11, 21, 22) | Reposition | OPG | 12 | Composite resin-bonded (semi-rigid) | LA | 4 | Not done | None | 2 |
| Avulsion (12) | No replantation (loss) | ||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Quinto et al.17 (2022) | 1 | 10 | M | CR | Fall (own height) | Lower anterior | NM | NM | NCCT & PA skull | NM | Circummandibular cerclage with steel wire (rigid) | GA | 12 | RCT, 90 days | Abscess (submental) | 42 |
| 3 | Thakur and Thakur18 (2021) | 1 | 11 | M | CR | RTA | Lower anterior | Avulsion (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 65, 41) | No replantation (alveolar sockets damage) | NCCT & OPG | 24 | Composite resin bonded (semi-rigid) | LA | 4 | RPD after 42 days | NM | NM |
| Luxation (31, 42) | Reposition | ||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Nilesh et al.19 (2020) | 1 | 12 | M | CR | Fall (bicycle) | Lower anterior | NM | NM | OPG | NM | Vacuum-formed (rigid) | LA | 3 | NM | NM | 1 |
| 5 | Patel and Bukhari20 (2020) | 1 | 4 | M | CR | Fall (during playing) | Lower anterior | None | NM | OPG, IOPA | NM | Interdental composite (rigid) | LA | 4 | NM | None | 6 |
| 6 | Vidhya R et al.21 (2017) | 1 | 7 | F | CR | RTA | Upper anterior | NM | NM | OPG | NM | Open-cap acrylic splint cemented (rigid) | LA | 3 | NM | NM | NM |
| 7 | Sreejith et al.22 (2015) | 1 | 2 | F | CR | Fall (window height) | Lower anterior | NM | NM | Occlusal radiograph | NM | Acrylic splint fixation (rigid) | GA (associated soft injury) | 3 | NM | NM | <1 |
| 8 | Sangeetha et al.23 (2014) | 1 | 10 | M | CR | Fall (during cricket playing) | Upper posterior fracture of interdental bone between 25 and 26 | Avulsion (21, 24) | Replantation | OPG | 2 | Modified acrylic cap (rigid) | LA | 2 | RCT, 60 days | Replacement resorption of root | 36 |
| Luxation (22) | Reposition | ||||||||||||||||
| Extrusion (25, 26, 31, 32, 41) | Fiber splint | ||||||||||||||||
| 9 | Yonezawa et al.24 (2013) | 1 | 11 | F | CR | Fall (while playing) | Upper anterior | Intrusion (11) | Reposition | OPG & IOPA | NM | Open reduction and internal fixation using titanium micromesh plate (rigid) | LA | 20 | RCT, 3 days | None | 12 |
| 10 | De Rossi et al.25 (2009) | 1 | 12 | M | CR | Fall (bicycle) | Upper anterior | Enamel fracture (11) | Composite restoration. | IOPA & lateral radiograph | 10 | Composite resin with orthodontic wire (semi-rigid) | LA | 36 (patient failed to keep up with treatment plan) | RCT, 15 days | Loss of labial alveolar bone and gingival recession | 24 |
| 11 | Saito et al.26 (2009) | 1 | 12 | F | CR | Fall (bicycle) | Upper anterior | Luxation (11, 21) | Reposition | NM | NM | Stainless steel orthodontic wire, with cyanoacrylate ester (semi-rigid) | LA | 4 | RCT, 15 days | None | 24 |
| Avulsion (12, 22) | No replantation | ||||||||||||||||
| 12 | Koyuturk et al.27 (2008) | 1 | 12 | F | CR | Fall (slip in bathroom) | Upper anterior | Crown fracture (11, 21) | Composite restoration | OPG & IOPA | <2 | Composite resin bonded (semi-rigid) | LA | 4 | RCT, 28 days | NM | 36 |
| Intrusion (11, 12, 13), Luxation (11, 12, 13) | Reposition | ||||||||||||||||
| Avulsion (14) | Replantation | ||||||||||||||||
| 13 | Sahin et al.28 (2008) | 1 | 9 | F | CR | Fall (during playing) | Upper anterior | Avulsion (11, 21) | Replantation | NM | 0.75 | Composite resin bonded (semi-rigid) | LA | 6 | RCT, 150 days | None | 5 |
| 14 | Das et al.29 (2007) | 1 | 11 | M | CR | Fall (first floor) | Lower anterior | Avulsion (21, 22, 63) | No replantation, RPD after healing | NCCT, PNS & OPG | NM | Composite resin bonded (semi-rigid) | LA | 3 | NM | NM | NM |
| Enamel fracture (12, 32, 41) | Composite restoration | ||||||||||||||||
| 15 | Prabhakar et al.30 (2006) | 1 | 8 | M | CR | Blast (scooter silencer) | Upper anterior | NM | NM | OPG | NM | Acrylic splint with wiring (open-cap) (rigid) | GA (associated soft injury) | 3 | NM | None | 2 |
| 16 | Martins and Fávaro31 (2005) | 1 | 2 | F | CR | Fall (bed) | Upper anterior | NM | NM | NM | NM | Immobilization with suturing (2-0 chromic gut suture) (semi-rigid) | GA | 2 | Not required | None | 12 |
| 17 | Martins et al.32 (2004) | 1 | 8 | F | CR | During swimming | Upper anterior | Avulsion (21, 53) | No Replantation | IOPA | 7 | Acrylic resin (rigid) | LA | 4 | NM | Resorption of tooth | 36 |
| Luxation (11, 12) | Reposition | ||||||||||||||||
| 18 | Sheroan and Roberts33 (2004) | 1 | 9 | F | CR | Fall (during basket playing) | Upper anterior and posterior | Avulsion (16, 55, 54, 12, 13, 21, 22, 64, 65, 24, 25, 26) | Replantation (12, 22) | OPG | NM | Stabilized with silk suture material and composite resin bonded (semi-rigid) | GA (associated soft injury) | NM | RCT, 21 days | One extraction | 9 |
(M: male, F: female, CR: case report, RTA: road traffic accident, NM: not mentioned, RPD: removable partial denture, OPG: orthopantomogram, NCCT: non-contrast computed tomography, PA: posterior-anterior, IOPA: intra oral periapical, PNS: paranasal sinus, LA: local anesthesia, GA: general anesthesia, RCT: root canal treatment)