Metabolomics biomarkers identified in USWS for OSCC detection20
| Candidate biomarkers | Techniques | Clinical significance | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cadaverine, alanine, serine, glutamine, piperidine, taurine piperidine, choline, pyrroline hydroxycarboxylic acid, beta-alanine, alpha-aminobutyric acid betaine, tyrosine, leucine+isoleucine, histidine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, threonine, carnitine, pipercolic acid, lactic acid, phenylalanine and valine | Capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF-MS) and HPLC with quadrupole/TOF MS | Facilitates the clinical detection of OSCC and improves its diagnosis and prognosis. They have a high level of predictive value and serves as a stratification tool. | Wei et al. 42 |
| Hypoxanthine, guanine, guanosine, trimethylamine N-oxide, spermidine, pipecolate, methionine | CE-TOF-MS | Discrimination of controls from OSCC patients and all of these metabolites have elevated levels in saliva, and hence can be used in noninvasive oral cancer screening. | Ishikawa et al. 44 |
(USWS: unstimulated whole saliva, OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma)