Table. 3. Table 3

Protein biomarkers in USWS for the detection of OSSC²⁰

Candidate biomarkers	Techniques	Clinical significance	References
Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), Cyfra 21-1, cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), telomerase, Mac-2 binding protein (M2BP)	ELISA	Proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines found to be indicators of carcinogenic transformation from oral precancerous lesions to oral cancer.Cyfra 21-1, CA 125, and TPA markers attend in telomerase activity in tumor cells and are responsible for the maintenance of telomere length.M2BP helps in the detection of OSCC.	Katakura et al. 28 Duffy et al. 29 Zhong et al. 30 Krishna Prasad et al. 31
CD44, CD59, Profilin, MRP14	Immunoblot	CD44 and CD59 are the very high sensitive cancer and benign diseases differentiate markers.MRP14 is a calcium-binding protein with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 83% in cancer detection.	Hu et al. 25 Franzmann et al. 32
Glutathione	HPLC	Epidemiological marker for chemoprevention identifies the risk of development of OSCC.	Almadori et al. 26
Mac-2 binding protein (M2BP), Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2, involucrin, calcyclin, cathepsin-G, azurocidin, transaldolase, carbonic anhydrase I, calgizzarin, myeloblastin, vitamin D-binding protein	ELISA, shotgun proteomics	M2BP is for detection of OSCC this biomarker gives a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 83%, and all of them serve as a clinical tool for the noninvasive diagnosis of OSCC.	Hu et al. 25
Immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region gamma (IgG), S100 calciumbinding protein, cofilin-1, transferrin, fibrin	LC/MS	IgG known to be an inhibitor of apoptosis, S100A2, an 11.4 kDa protein that is a prognostic biomarker for OSCC, cofilin proteins are involved in cancer progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Transferrin levels in saliva are associated with the size and stage of cancer. Fibrin in OSCC is involved in several carcinogenic processes.	Jou et al. 27 Kumar et al. 33
α-1-antitrypsin (AAT)	2DE	AAT is useful for the prediction and determining the aggression of OSCC.	Righini et al. 34
Secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), cystatin A, keratin 36, thioredoxin, haptoglobin (HAP), salivary zinc finger, protein 510 peptide, a-amylase, and albumin	MS-based proteomics	SLPI, cystatin A, keratin 36 are potentially involved in the preventive treatment of OSCC. Thioredoxin mRNA levels are elevated in oral cancers and in other cancers as well. Salivary zinc finger, protein 510 peptide, a-amylase, and albumin are useful in the early detection of OSCC.	Reddy et al. 35 Al Kawas et al. 36

J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020;46:301~312
https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.5.301

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